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Telegram profile photo for Беспилотники (дроны, БПЛА, UAV)

Channel

Беспилотники (дроны, БПЛА, UAV)

@uav_tech

On this record: Topic · Growth · Engagement · What this channel posts · Reactions · Stars · Posts · Posts edited after publishing · Citations · Handles named that no longer answer · Telegram's recommendations · Cite this entry

17,914subscribers

+299 since we began measuring on 6 August 2026

Risers and fallers across the register · movement among entries of 10,000–31,623.

Register entry

Telegram ID-1001419267542
TypeChannel
Username@uav_tech
Created18 May 2022 — measured — cross-checked against a third-party dataset (ext.tg_channel)
First recorded6 August 2026
Last confirmed live26 September 2026
Measurements held35
Confirmed unchanged1 time, most recently 26 September 2026
On Telegramt.me/uav_tech

Topic

Technology — a classification, not a measurement. An on-box language model (Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-FP8, prompt version 1) read this channel’s own recent posts on 10 September 2026 and assigned it the closest of 31 fixed categories, at 96% confidence. This is a model’s judgement about what the channel is likely to be about, not a fact this register measured the way a subscriber count or a view count is measured — it can be revised on a later pass, and it carries no weight anywhere else on this page. How this classification works, and why it has no browse page of its own yet.

Growth

17,61517,91417,764.56 August 2026 — 17,615 subscribers6 August 2026 — 17,615 subscribers6 August 2026 — 17,617 subscribers7 August 2026 — 17,616 subscribers8 August 2026 — 17,618 subscribers10 August 2026 — 17,625 subscribers11 August 2026 — 17,637 subscribers12 August 2026 — 17,648 subscribers13 August 2026 — 17,664 subscribers14 August 2026 — 17,677 subscribers16 August 2026 — 17,700 subscribers17 August 2026 — 17,698 subscribers18 August 2026 — 17,705 subscribers19 August 2026 — 17,707 subscribers20 August 2026 — 17,719 subscribers21 August 2026 — 17,721 subscribers23 August 2026 — 17,732 subscribers24 August 2026 — 17,725 subscribers25 August 2026 — 17,730 subscribers26 August 2026 — 17,736 subscribers27 August 2026 — 17,740 subscribers29 August 2026 — 17,739 subscribers30 August 2026 — 17,742 subscribers31 August 2026 — 17,740 subscribers1 September 2026 — 17,739 subscribers2 September 2026 — 17,755 subscribers3 September 2026 — 17,764 subscribers5 September 2026 — 17,780 subscribers9 September 2026 — 17,810 subscribers11 September 2026 — 17,832 subscribers13 September 2026 — 17,838 subscribers15 September 2026 — 17,843 subscribers17 September 2026 — 17,867 subscribers19 September 2026 — 17,886 subscribers26 September 2026 — 17,914 subscribers6 August 202626 September 2026
35 measurements spanning 51 days, net +299. Dots are measurements; the straight line between them is drawn to join them, not to claim we know the path taken in between — snapshots are recorded only when a count changes, so gaps mean “no change observed”, never “interpolated”. The vertical axis spans 17,570–17,959 and does not start at zero.
Measurement log — every subscribers count we have recorded, most recent 20 of 35
Measured (UTC)SubscribersChange
26 Sept 2026, 09:1817,914+28
19 Sept 2026, 11:2017,886+19
17 Sept 2026, 02:3917,867+24
15 Sept 2026, 02:4017,843+5
13 Sept 2026, 14:1917,838+6
11 Sept 2026, 17:1517,832+22
9 Sept 2026, 01:5817,810+30
5 Sept 2026, 21:1617,780+16
3 Sept 2026, 22:3917,764+9
2 Sept 2026, 17:1417,755+16
1 Sept 2026, 19:3517,739-1
31 Aug 2026, 21:3517,740-2
30 Aug 2026, 23:1617,742+3
29 Aug 2026, 00:1817,739-1
27 Aug 2026, 22:4917,740+4
26 Aug 2026, 19:4717,736+6
25 Aug 2026, 21:1417,730+5
24 Aug 2026, 22:4317,725-7
23 Aug 2026, 06:2817,732+11
21 Aug 2026, 16:0417,721first reading

Engagement

153 posts held, back to 3 August 2026 — the reader has not yet reached the start of this channel’s public history, so older posts may sit further back, unread. Read across 57 pages of Telegram’s post history, 20 posts per page.

ERR · 30 days
8.00%
avg views ÷ 17,914 subscribers
Avg views / post
1,430
19 posts measured
Reaction rate
0.553%
reactions ÷ views · ER floor
Posts in window
19
of 153 held

ERR is average views per post over the last 30 days divided by subscribers, the definition TGStat uses, so this figure is comparable with the one you will see elsewhere. It falls structurally as a channel grows: a high ERR on a small channel and a low one on a large channel describe reach mathematics, not quality. We publish the figure and the sample it came from and pass no verdict on it.

ER is defined industry-wide as (forwards + reactions + comments) ÷ views — note the denominator is views, not subscribers. Telegram’s public web preview carries views and reactions but not forward or comment counts, so the reaction rate above is the reactions term only and is therefore a floor: the true ER for this channel is higher by an amount we have not measured and will not estimate. It is computed over the 17 of 19 measured posts that carry a reaction reading, and over those same posts' views.

What these figures were computed from
WindowRolling 30 days · latest post in window 3 September 2026
Posts held153 (3 August 2026 – 3 September 2026)
Views total27,245
Reactions total138
Forwards / commentsnot exposed by the public surface — not measured, not estimated
Readings taken3 Sept 2026, 09:04 UTC

Views are a single reading per post, taken at the time above. A post published in the last day or two is still accumulating views, which pulls the 30-day average down slightly. That is a property of the standard definition rather than a fault in it, so we keep the definition rather than “correcting” the number into something nobody can reproduce.

Precision. Telegram publishes view counts on its public widget in short form — 8.12K, 3.7M — so any reading at or above 1,000 reaches us rounded to three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. Averages and rates derived from them are shown to the same precision rather than to the unit: a figure like 3,701,250 would assert digits nobody measured.

Reaction counts are published per emoji and rounded the same way, so a total below 1,000 is exact and a larger one is a sum that may carry a rounded component from each emoji above 1,000. Because it is a sum, it does not look rounded — read a large reaction total as three significant figures per contributing emoji rather than as the figure it prints.

What this channel posts

Video runtime
1h 12m
Average length
1m 51s

Measured directly from 39 videos with a duration reading, out of the posts we hold for this channel — not this channel’s whole posting history, only the sample this register has actually read. An exact reading to the second, taken from the post itself rather than from Telegram’s own rounded chrome, so it carries no ≈ mark.

Reaction mix

899 reactions across 135 posts, in 3 distinct kinds. The most used accounts for 47.8% of them.

Every reaction kind recorded on the sample, most used first
ReactionCountShareShare, drawn
🔥43047.8%
👍42647.4%
🙏434.78%

No sentiment is inferred, and none should be read in. This table is ordered by count and by nothing else. Emoji do not carry stable meaning across languages or communities — 🙏 is thanks in one channel and mourning in another — so we publish which ones were pressed and how often, and pass no judgement on what an audience meant by them.

Precision. Telegram publishes reaction counts per emoji and short-forms each one — 4.34K, 1.2M — so any single kind at or above 1,000 reaches us at three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. The shares above are ratios of those figures and carry the same error. This is also why the total here can differ slightly from a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page: both are sums of the same rounded parts, taken over samples with different edges.

Coverage. Reactions were read on 138 of the 153 sampled posts in this sample. Summed by Telegram’s own count on each post — not by adding up the per-emoji breakdown above — those same posts carry 899 reactions in total: the kind of figure the paragraph above means by “a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page”.

Measured over the 153 most recent posts we hold, published 3 August 2026 to 3 September 2026, using the newest reading held for each. Telegram Stars are excluded: they are a payment, not a reaction, and they have their own section.

Telegram Stars

Stars received
27
across the posts below
Posts paid on
26
of 153 we hold a reading for · 17%
Most on one post
2
single highest reading

A paid reaction is a reader spending Telegram Stars — bought with money — on a post by @uav_tech. Telegram publishes the count on the public post preview alongside ordinary reactions, and this register reads it there. It is the only figure on this site that measures money moving rather than attention.

Stars are not reactions, and the two are never added. They are rendered in the same strip on Telegram and counted in the same shape, but one is a tap and the other is a purchase. The reaction totals and the engagement rate elsewhere on this page exclude every figure in this section, and no rate here is computed against a reaction count.

This is not revenue, and we publish no currency figure. What a Star costs a reader and what it pays a channel are different numbers, Telegram takes a share we cannot observe, and the terms have changed. Converting a Star count into money would be an estimate dressed as a measurement, so the count is where we stop.

Counted over the 153 most recent posts we hold for this entry, published 3 August 2026 to 3 September 2026. Star counts above 1,000 reach us in Telegram’s short form and carry the same three-significant-figure rounding as everything else on this page.

Recent posts

3 Sept 2026, 07:50 UTC355 views2 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @UAS_developmentPhoto

Владимир Путин на ВЭФ-2026 поставил задачу сделать Трансарктический транспортный коридор круглогодичным. Президент подчеркнул: этот маршрут должен обеспечить гибкость и безопасность международных поставок. Правительству поручено оперативно доработать план развития коридора. Заявление кардинально меняет требования к управлению арктической логистикой. Круглогодичная навигация в условиях сложнейшей ледовой обстановки и…

🔥2

2 Sept 2026, 18:38 UTC≈1,090 viewsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @aoglonassVideo

✔️ Почему именно сейчас идеальное время и созданы условия для окупаемости беспилотной аэрологистики? Смотрите ответ генерального директора АО «ГЛОНАСС» Алексея Райкевича на ВЭФ-2026 в рамках стратегической сессии о проекте Минтранса России по формированию низковысотной экономики.

2 Sept 2026, 16:13 UTC≈1,200 viewsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @Mintrans_RussiaPhoto

Минтранс объявил конкурс среди регионов для участия в формировании низковысотной экономики Старт конкурсного отбора объявлен на сессии «С Дальнего Востока на всю страну: запуск низковысотной экономики в России» на полях ВЭФ, в которой принял участие замминистра транспорта Борис Ташимов. Проект реализуется по поручению Президента России и направлен на ускоренное внедрение беспилотников в ключевые отрасли экономики. …

2 Sept 2026, 12:34 UTC≈1,270 views10 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @rpg_shootingnewPhoto

Первый серийный беспилотник с отечественным ДВС внесен в реестр Минпромторга Беспилотник самолетного типа «Геоскан 701» с двигателем внутреннего сгорания «Т-40» разработки оренбургской компании «ТЭМЗ» включён в реестр российской промышленной продукции. Комплекс набрал 1600 баллов по требованиям локализации согласно ПП РФ №719 и стал первым серийным дроном с полностью отечественным ДВС, внесённым в реестр. Аппарат сп…

🔥9👍1

2 Sept 2026, 07:02 UTC≈1,320 views7 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @khayalpressa313Video

❌🇮🇷🇺🇸Удар по лагерю Титин — выдающийся успех иранской военной разведки 🚫Очень важный момент в заявлении Корпуса стражей исламской революции — удар по особой военной базе. 🚫КСИР объявил, что нанёс удар по американской военной базе под названием «Титин» на юге Иордании. 🚫Эта база расположена на юге Иордании, недалеко от залива Акаба — в районе Красного моря. 🚫Лагерь Титин — военная база, принадлежащая армии Иордани…

👍3🔥3🙏1

2 Sept 2026, 06:06 UTC≈1,270 views4 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @btvt2019Photo

Крупным планом снимки новой китайской 8×8 БМП Type 08, оснащённой лазерным оружием для ПВО, прежде всего борьбы с БЛА. Наряду с лёгкими бригадами, которые уже получили лазерные комплексы ПВО на базе внедорожников «Мэнши», похоже, что средние и тяжёлые бригады также начинают оснащаться этой системой.

👍4

1 Sept 2026, 18:42 UTC≈1,070 views5 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @UAVDEV

А если б сбивал, отдал бы соточку. Так что штраф вполне гуманный, ящитаю 👍 Но вообще, количество идиотов среди ЛПР прям пугает. То девочку штрафуют за рисунки Смешариков, то фермера за бпла, то камеры на скорость ставят в местах, которые украми простреливаются вдоль и поперёк... То кур регистрируют... И все эти люди при должностях и к должности шли долгое время... https://t.me/SergeyKolyasnikov/80484

🔥5

1 Sept 2026, 17:07 UTC≈1,490 views10 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @hyperboreaXVideo

🇹🇷 Турция О Дивный Новый Мир Полиция в стамбульском районе Фатих использовала дрон, чтобы предупредить людей, распивающих алкоголь возле исторических городских стен. Дрон транслировал сообщение о том, что употребление алкоголя в этой зоне запрещено, и приказывал присутствующим покинуть территорию. Источник: OPUS MAGNUM

👍10

1 Sept 2026, 08:33 UTC≈1,650 views2 reactionsread 3 September 2026

Связанный с сыновьями Трампа стартап по выпуску дронов-перехватчиков Powerus заключил 20 августа 2026 года контракт на $22,3 миллиона с некоей ближневосточной энергетической корпорацией для защиты её инфраструктуры от ударов Ирана. Руководство Powerus проводило демонстрацию своих дронов-перехватчиков Guardian потенциальным покупателям в Дубае (ОАЭ), а также договаривалось о привлечении эмиратского подрядчика для сбо…

🔥2

1 Sept 2026, 06:28 UTC≈1,570 views2 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @aoglonass

❔Куда, как и для чего летать? Предлагаем поделиться мнением о применении авибеспилотников в нашем опросе по ссылке: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScT398uCIFYF_mIKyKNK6UtwFiAy54bFc9SvfF07jEZZOwyIQ/viewform?usp=publish-editor 🔹Вопрос 4: Каким должен быть первый «масштабируемый» беспилотный маршрут? ✅ Итоги опроса подведем на сессии «С Дальнего Востока на всю страну: запуск низковысотной экономики в Росси…

👍1🙏1

31 Aug 2026, 19:13 UTC≈1,750 views1 reactionsread 3 September 2026

Интересно было бы перенести это решение для маскировки российской техники и объектов: https://t.me/alphaingenium/62281 #ии @uav_tech

👍1

31 Aug 2026, 15:54 UTC≈1,590 views23 reactionsread 3 September 2026
Forwarded from @belarusian_silovikPhoto

В Польше загорелся завод, где производят дроны для Украины, — Onet Правоохранители не исключают поджог. Камеры зафиксировали мужчину в балаклаве, который проник на территорию через забор. БС в TG ✊ | БС в МАХ 🤫

👍15🔥8

Showing the 12 most recent of 153 posts we hold for @uav_tech. View and reaction counts are the latest single reading for each post, not a live figure, and a recent post is still accumulating both. A view count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints views in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈1,200,000 means somewhere between 1,150,000 and 1,249,999. Unmarked counts are exact. Text is reproduced from the public post preview and truncated for length.

Posts edited after publishing

@uav_tech edited 1 post after it first published — the same permalink now carries different wording than the one this register originally read, caught because our own crawl held a copy of the earlier text.

An edit is not deception. Typo fixes, price updates and corrections look exactly like this too — this register can tell you the wording changed and when, not why. How this is measured.

First edit seen
25 August 2026
Most recent edit
25 August 2026

Forward network

Republishes

Channels on the register whose posts this channel has forwarded.

Republishes 69 registered channels. The 48 listed are the ones this channel has forwarded most; the rest are counted here but not each listed.

Safir Analytics
@Safir_Analytics · 1,333
9 posts
НПЦ БАСиРТК
@UAS_development · 614
6 posts
Добровольческий Корпус [ДоброКор]
@DobroKor · 11,330
5 posts
China army
@china3army · 38,333
5 posts
MT-GROUP
@MT_GROUP5 · 1,712
4 posts
Белорусский силовик
@belarusian_silovik · 453,479
4 posts
Хранители и Вершители
@alphaingenium · 103,565
3 posts
АО «ГЛОНАСС»
@aoglonass · 2,819
3 posts
Свидетели Байрактара
@bayraktar1070 · 82,768
3 posts
Военный Осведомитель
@milinfolive · 615,168
3 posts
Тактика и специальная подготовка
@tactical_z · 66,072
3 posts
Вспомнить о войне
@Vspomni_o_Voine_neraz · 7,368
2 posts
Военная хроника
@Warhronika · 306,231
2 posts
Профессор смотрит в мiръ. Авторский Анонимный канал Дмитрия Евстафьева
@dimonundmir · 207,632
2 posts
ДРОННИЦА
@dronnitsa · 8,418
2 posts
Портфель Генштаба
@genshtab24 · 83,571
2 posts
ГЕОСТРАТЕГ
@geostrategrus · 124,517
2 posts
338
@go338 · 143,325
2 posts
Дневник иранского журналиста🇮🇷
@khayalpressa313 · 49,262
2 posts
Кот в подсумке
@kot_v_podsumke · 3,636
2 posts
ДИРИЖАБЛИ НОВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ
@new_airships · 1,850
2 posts
РПГ-27🇷🇺🇧🇾🇮🇷🇸🇿🇨🇳
@rpg_shootingnew · 30,958
2 posts
Рыбарь
@rybar · 1,555,647
2 posts
БелВПО
@Belarus_VPO · 24,851
1 post
🎭 Политический Юмор 🎭
@Humor_and_Politics · 33,062
1 post
Кямиль Аскерханов - Мнение
@KamilAskerkhanov · 24,118
1 post
Минтранс России
@Mintrans_Russia · 43,615
1 post
Украина без вариантов/Україна без варіантів
@NewNovorossia · 53,869
1 post
Новости оборонного ИИ
@aiobor · 2,253
1 post
Александр Ходаковский
@aleksandr_skif · 315,383
1 post
АРХАНГЕЛ СПЕЦНАЗА
@arx_spn · 1,028,205
1 post
Юрий Баранчик
@barantchik · 90,190
1 post
«БЕКАС» - FPV-ДРОНЫ, БЕСПИЛОТНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, АВИАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ🫡🇷🇺
@bekasdron · 1,649
1 post
GLUSHILKI
@blocksignal · 39,217
1 post
bmpd
@bmpd_cast · 46,746
1 post
Танки. История и современность. Btvt.info
@btvt2019 · 24,081
1 post
Морские дроны | Маринет
@channel_marinet · 81
1 post
Кримсон Дайджест
@crimsondigest · 141,439
1 post
Directorate 4
@directorate4 · 77,495
1 post
Два майора
@dva_majors · 1,167,469
1 post
ЕВРОПАРЬ
@evropar · 26,215
1 post
Борьба с киберпреступностью | F6
@f6_cybersecurity · 22,318
1 post
География 512 🇷🇺
@geography512 · 511
1 post
Hyperborea
@hyperboreaX · 58,265
1 post
Maisto
@igormaisto · 103,356
1 post
Милитарист
@infantmilitario · 277,422
1 post
Tholus
@kupol_vivere_est_agere · 912
1 post
Neinsider
@neinsider · 6,728
1 post

Built only from forwarded posts we have actually read, on both sides. Coverage is early and deliberately incomplete: a missing link means we have not read the post that would prove it, never that the relationship does not exist. Counts are distinct forwarded posts observed, so they only ever go up as we read more.

Mentions

Named by 6 registered channels — every channel on the register whose own posts have named this one, by its current username or any other username it currently holds, merged from two separately captured readings of the same fact so a namer caught by only one of them is not missed and a namer both caught is not counted twice. A username this channel has since dropped is not matched — that handle may belong to someone else now, and crediting today’s namer to yesterday’s owner would misattribute it.

Names

Channels on the register whose handles appear in this channel's posts.

A mention is a weaker signal than a forward and is counted separately for that reason — naming a channel is not republishing it, and a handle in a post body is easy to place deliberately. The post counts beside each row below are distinct posts in which the handle appeared, from posts we have read on both sides — the “Named by N registered channels” figure above is a different count, of distinct NAMING CHANNELS rather than posts, and is not the sum of the rows under it.

Appears in Telegram’s recommendations for other channels

The reverse of the list above, and a different kind of signal. This does not require this channel to have ever been asked about directly — each row below is a channel we DID ask Telegram about, whose Telegram-generated list happened to include this one. A channel can appear here with an empty list above it, because being named by someone else’s query is independent of having been queried itself.

Беспилот | БПЛА, дроны, роботы
@bes_pilot · 43,734
Telegram ranks this channel #2 of 87 here — alongside 86 others — read 28 August 2026
Техник БПЛА🇷🇺
@texotdelBPLA · 23,524
Telegram ranks this channel #4 of 64 here — alongside 63 others — read 18 September 2026
Military hub | СВО, FPV, дроны, БПЛА
@mil_hub · 25,260
Telegram ranks this channel #5 of 64 here — alongside 63 others — read 14 September 2026
FPV_выZOV🇷🇺
@FPV_vyZOV · 68,340
Telegram ranks this channel #6 of 71 here — alongside 70 others — read 21 August 2026
Гагаринг. Лаборатория электроники.
@my_el_lab · 44,085
Telegram ranks this channel #7 of 76 here — alongside 75 others — read 29 August 2026
Хроника оператора БпЛА | БВС, БЛА
@xronikabpla · 55,146
Telegram ranks this channel #9 of 75 here — alongside 74 others — read 23 August 2026
VORON🇷🇺FPV
@voron_fpv · 116,563
Telegram ranks this channel #10 of 74 here — alongside 73 others — read 25 August 2026
Разработчик БПЛА
@UAVDEV · 123,630
Telegram ranks this channel #10 of 82 here — alongside 81 others — read 14 August 2026
КЦПН. Координационный Центр Помощи Новороссии.
@kcpn2014 · 34,928
Telegram ranks this channel #11 of 69 here — alongside 68 others — read 15 September 2026
Проект «Архангел». Создание БПЛА.
@projectArchangel · 21,343
Telegram ranks this channel #13 of 70 here — alongside 69 others — read 24 September 2026
Школа Рэмбо☠
@super_rembo · 21,784
Telegram ranks this channel #16 of 67 here — alongside 66 others — read 23 September 2026
ЦСП🇷🇺ВОРОН
@csp_voron · 24,498
Telegram ranks this channel #16 of 63 here — alongside 62 others — read 16 September 2026
Военная библиотека 📚
@VBiblioteka · 23,374
Telegram ranks this channel #20 of 67 here — alongside 66 others — read 18 September 2026
Институт СВО / ЦСН "БАРС-САРМАТ"
@svo_institute · 21,204
Telegram ranks this channel #22 of 72 here — alongside 71 others — read 24 September 2026
Русский беспилотник
@RUSSIARB · 27,954
Telegram ranks this channel #25 of 72 here — alongside 71 others — read 10 September 2026
Русские Хакеры – Фронту
@RussianHackersChannel · 44,499
Telegram ranks this channel #42 of 67 here — alongside 66 others — read 28 August 2026
3mx.ru🛡
@ru3mx · 24,193
Telegram ranks this channel #57 of 69 here — alongside 68 others — read 16 September 2026
China army
@china3army · 38,333
Telegram ranks this channel #61 of 87 here — alongside 86 others — read 31 August 2026
Одна нога здесь, другая там!
@combat_engineer · 92,585
Telegram ranks this channel #61 of 67 here — alongside 66 others — read 17 August 2026

This channel appears in 19 seed channels' Telegram-generated recommendation lists in total. Each is Telegram’s list for THAT channel, not this one — see how this is measured.

Cite this entry

A live page changes as we take new readings, so a citation should name the measurement it is based on, not just the URL. The line below cites the subscriber count as measured 26 September 2026 — this entry's latest reading, not the date you are reading this.

“Беспилотники (дроны, БПЛА, UAV)” (@uav_tech), 17,914 subscribers as measured 26 September 2026. Telegram Register, tgregister.com/channel/uav_tech.

Full measurement history, CC BY 4.0. Every reading this register holds for this entry, not just the latest one, as a dated, downloadable record: CSV · JSON. Free to use with attribution to tgregister.com. Each file carries its own generation timestamp, which is the figure to cite for exactly when the data was retrieved.