ุนูุงุฌ ุงููุณู ูุงูู ูู ูุนุฏู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ูุฏู ู ู ุฎุจุฑุงุก ููุณููู ุชุฑูุฏ ุงูุนูุงุฌ..ุ๐๐บ๐ุงุฏุฎู ููุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ๐โคต๏ธ t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0

Channel
๐บ๐บููุงุฉ ููุญูุธ ุงููุฑุงู ุงููุฑูู ๐บ๐บ
@tt_tt_mm
On this record: Growth ยท Engagement ยท What this channel posts ยท Reactions ยท Posts ยท Citations ยท Cite this entry
7,070subscribers
+3 since we began measuring on 6 August 2026
Risers and fallers across the register ยท movement among entries of 3,162โ10,000.
Register entry
| Telegram ID | -1001392892147 |
|---|---|
| Type | Channel |
| Username | @tt_tt_mm |
| Created | Between 1 April 2018 and 30 June 2021โ estimated from Telegramโs id allocation, not measured. How this range is calculated. |
| First recorded | 6 August 2026 |
| Last confirmed live | 13 August 2026 |
| Measurements held | 4 |
| Confirmed unchanged | 1 time, most recently 13 August 2026 |
| On Telegram | t.me/tt_tt_mm |
Growth
| Measured (UTC) | Subscribers | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 13 Aug 2026, 02:46 | 7,070 | -6 |
| 9 Aug 2026, 22:12 | 7,076 | +9 |
| 6 Aug 2026, 03:16 | 7,067 | no change |
| 6 Aug 2026, 02:19 | 7,067 | first reading |
Engagement
48 posts held, back to 12 June 2026 โ the reader has not yet reached the start of this channelโs public history, so older posts may sit further back, unread. Read across 11 pagesof Telegramโs post history, 20 posts per page.
- ERR ยท 30 days
- 0.588%
- avg views รท 7,070 subscribers
- Avg views / post
- 41.6
- 35 posts measured
- Reaction rate
- โ
- this channel exposes no reaction counts
- Posts in window
- 35
- of 48 held
ERR is average views per post over the last 30 days divided by subscribers, the definition TGStat uses, so this figure is comparable with the one you will see elsewhere. It falls structurally as a channel grows: a high ERR on a small channel and a low one on a large channel describe reach mathematics, not quality. We publish the figure and the sample it came from and pass no verdict on it.
ER is defined industry-wide as (forwards + reactions + comments) รท viewsโ note the denominator is views, not subscribers. Telegramโs public web preview carries views and reactions but not forward or comment counts, so the reaction rate above is the reactions term only and is therefore a floor: the true ER for this channel is higher by an amount we have not measured and will not estimate.
| Window | Rolling 30 days ยท latest post in window 12 August 2026 |
|---|---|
| Posts held | 48 (12 June 2026 โ 12 August 2026) |
| Views total | 1,455 |
| Reactions total | โ |
| Forwards / comments | not exposed by the public surface โ not measured, not estimated |
| Readings taken | 12 Aug 2026, 02:26 UTC |
Views are a single reading per post, taken at the time above. A post published in the last day or two is still accumulating views, which pulls the 30-day average down slightly. That is a property of the standard definition rather than a fault in it, so we keep the definition rather than โcorrectingโ the number into something nobody can reproduce.
Precision. Telegram publishes view counts on its public widget in short form โ 8.12K, 3.7M โ so any reading at or above 1,000 reaches us rounded to three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. Averages and rates derived from them are shown to the same precision rather than to the unit: a figure like 3,701,250 would assert digits nobody measured.
Reaction counts are published per emoji and rounded the same way, so a total below 1,000 is exact and a larger one is a sum that may carry a rounded component from each emoji above 1,000. Because it is a sum, it does not look rounded โ read a large reaction total as three significant figures per contributing emoji rather than as the figure it prints.
What this channel posts
- Video runtime
- 20m 45s
- Average length
- 10m 23s
Measured directly from 2 videos with a duration reading, out of the posts we hold for this channel โ not this channelโs whole posting history, only the sample this register has actually read. An exact reading to the second, taken from the post itself rather than from Telegramโs own rounded chrome, so it carries no โ mark.
Reaction mix
2 reactions across 2 posts, in 2 distinct kinds. The most used accounts for 50.0% of them.
| Reaction | Count | Share | Share, drawn |
|---|---|---|---|
| โค | 1 | 50.0% | |
| ๐ | 1 | 50.0% |
No sentiment is inferred, and none should be read in. This table is ordered by count and by nothing else. Emoji do not carry stable meaning across languages or communities โ ๐ is thanks in one channel and mourning in another โ so we publish which ones were pressed and how often, and pass no judgement on what an audience meant by them.
Precision. Telegram publishes reaction counts per emoji and short-forms each one โ 4.34K, 1.2M โ so any single kind at or above 1,000 reaches us at three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. The shares above are ratios of those figures and carry the same error. This is also why the total here can differ slightly from a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page: both are sums of the same rounded parts, taken over samples with different edges.
Coverage. Reactions were read on 5 of the 48 sampled posts in this sample. Summed by Telegramโs own count on each post โ not by adding up the per-emoji breakdown above โ those same posts carry 2reactions in total: the kind of figure the paragraph above means by โa reaction total printed elsewhere on the pageโ.
Measured over the 48 most recent posts we hold, published 12 June 2026 to 12 August 2026, using the newest reading held for each. Telegram Stars are excluded: they are a payment, not a reaction, and they have their own section.
Recent posts
โ ๏ธ ุฑุฌูู ูุฌุชู ุน ุงููุงุณ ูููู ุนูู ู ุญุจุชู.. ูู ุงุฐุง ุฌุงุก ุงูุชุญุฐูุฑ ู ููุ ุงูุฌูุงุจ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ูู ุงูุฑุงุจุท ๐๐ผ https://t.me/fwayiid/20896 โ๐ปููู ุงุช ู ยฐยฐยฐ ุฏุฑุฑ๐๐ป t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0 ๐ฏููุฏุนู @Al_foursan
ุนูุฒููุฒ ู ูุฑูุงููุจูุฉ ุงููู ูู ูููููุจู ุฃููููุงุฏูู...๐๐ป https://t.me/zakamil/16980
โณ ๐ชฝ ูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฅูู ุงู ๐ฉ๐ท @mina9oual3lama ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุฃุฐูุงุฑ ููุฏู ๐ฉ๐ท @adeakoransona ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุฒุงุฏ ุงูุนูู ๐ฉ๐ท @seqda ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุฏุฑุฑ ุงูุตุญูุญูู ๐ฉ๐ท @Alb_khari ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ููู ุงุช ูุงูุนุฉ ๐ฉ๐ท @dfgbkh ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ๐ชดุญุฏุงุฆู ุงูุฎูุฑ ๐ฉ๐ท @FTAW_feaid ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุญุฏุงุฆู ุงููุฑุฏูุณ ๐ฉ๐ท @memeem134 ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุนุจูุฑ ุงูุฅูู ุงู ๐ฉ๐ท @aneeeen ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุฒุงุฏ ุงููููุจ ๐ฉ๐ท @as3id9lbk ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ ุชูุงูุงุช ุฎุงุดุนุฉ ๐ฉ๐ท @tilawatkhashiea0mh ๐ท๐ช โฐโโณ โ โณ ๐ชฝ โฆ
๐ฉ ุฅุฒุงู ุชุญุงูุธ ุนูู ูุจุฏูุ .. ุจูู ุจุณุงุทู ๐๐ป https://t.me/zxrkb/6411
๐ฉ๐ท ููู ุงุช ูุงูุนุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @dfgbkh โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ูุณุงุฆู ุงูุฅูู ุงู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @mina9oual3lama โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ูุฏุงูุงุช ุฌุฒุก ุนู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @juzeama โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ููุญุงุช ู ุจุงุฑูุฉ ๏ธ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @Ghima_Motfaila89 โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ู ูุชูู ุงูููุงุฆุฏ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @SADDAMASS โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฒุงุฏ ุงูุนูู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @seqda โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฎูุงุทุฑ ุฅูู ุงููุฉ๐ฆ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @islamic770 โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ูุฏู ุงูุฑุณุงูุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @zhhabd โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฑูุงุฆุน ุงูุทุจูุนุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @TOP_1VIDEO โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุชุฃู ูุงุช ุงูุฃุณู ุงุก ุงูุญุณูู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @assmaealโฆ
โ๏ธ ููู ุงุช ูุฏุฑุฑโฆ ุชูุงู ุณ ุงูููุจ ูุชูุจูุฌ ุงูุฑูุญ ๐ โญโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฎ ๐ ุงูุถู ููู ุญุชูู ุงูุฑุงูู๐ฝ t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0 โฐโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฎ โ๏ธุงุญูุธ ุงููุฑุขู ูุชุนูู ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงููุจููุฉ ูุงูุนููุฏุฉ ุฏูุฑุงุช ู ููุนุฉ ู ุฌุงููุฉ๐ t.me/AleayidunElaAllah/36724
๐งุณุช ู ูุงุถุน ูู ูุชุงุจ ุงููู ูุง ููุชูู ู ุนูุง ุชุนุงุณุฉ ุฃู ุดูุงุก.. ุงูุชูุงุตูู ูู ุงูุฑุงุจุท ุงูุชุงูู ๐ https://t.me/fwayiid/20494 โ๐ปููู ุงุช ู ยฐยฐยฐ ุฏุฑุฑ๐๐ป t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0 ๐ฏููุฏุนู @Al_foursan
๐ฉ ุฅุฒุงู ุชุญุงูุธ ุนูู ูุจุฏูุ .. ุจูู ุจุณุงุทู ๐๐ป https://t.me/zxrkb/6411
๐ฉ๐ท ุชูุงูุงุช ุฎุงุดุนุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @tilawatkhashiea0mh โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ููู ุงูู ูุงุฑูุซ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @rah_bia โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ููุฑ ุงูุณูู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @sunannabawia โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฏุฑุจ ุงูุณูุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @tlwdh โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฏุฑุจ ุงูุญูุธ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @tt_tt_mm โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุทุฑูู ุงููุฏุงูุฉ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @Religiousbenefits266 โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ๏ธุทู ุฃูููุฉ ุงููููุจ ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @re20sa โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ุฒุงุฏ ุงูุนูู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @seqda โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท | ููุฑ ุงูุฅูู ุงู | ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @quran3hadith โฐโโณ โ ๐ฉ๐ท ู ุดูุงุฉ ุงููุญู ๐ท๐ช โณ ๐ชฝ @RehabQuranandSโฆ
โ๏ธ ููู ุงุช ูุฏุฑุฑโฆ ุชูุงู ุณ ุงูููุจ ูุชูุจูุฌ ุงูุฑูุญ ๐ โญโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฎ ๐ ุงูุถู ููู ุญุชูู ุงูุฑุงูู๐ฝ t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0 โฐโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฎ โ๏ธุงุญูุธ ุงููุฑุขู ูุชุนูู ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงููุจููุฉ ูุงูุนููุฏุฉ ุฏูุฑุงุช ู ููุนุฉ ู ุฌุงููุฉ๐ t.me/AleayidunElaAllah/36724
๐งุณุช ู ูุงุถุน ูู ูุชุงุจ ุงููู ูุง ููุชูู ู ุนูุง ุชุนุงุณุฉ ุฃู ุดูุงุก.. ุงูุชูุงุตูู ูู ุงูุฑุงุจุท ุงูุชุงูู ๐ https://t.me/fwayiid/20494 โ๐ปููู ุงุช ู ยฐยฐยฐ ุฏุฑุฑ๐๐ป t.me/addlist/_eABvLbF6lkwNmI0 ๐ฏููุฏุนู @Al_foursan
Showing the 12 most recent of 48 posts we hold for @tt_tt_mm. View and reaction counts are the latest single reading for each post, not a live figure, and a recent post is still accumulating both. A view count marked โ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it โ t.me prints views in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so โ1,200,000 means somewhere between 1,150,000 and 1,249,999. Unmarked counts are exact. Text is reproduced from the public post preview and truncated for length.
Citation-graph rank
Citation-graph rank โ 223,224 of 1,345,403entries in the measured graph. A weighted position computed from the forward and mention edges below โ republished posts weigh more than named mentions โ and recomputed periodically, over the whole graph. Published only as this ordinal position, never as a score: a position is a fact, and a score printed beside one channelโs name would read as a verdict this register does not make. The two counts beneath stay separate for the same reason mentions are never summed with forwards anywhere else on this page โ a named-by count costs nothing to manufacture. The top 100 by this measure, or how it is computed.
Forward network
Republished by
Channels on the register that have forwarded this channel's posts into their own feed.
Republishes
Channels on the register whose posts this channel has forwarded.
Built only from forwarded posts we have actually read, on both sides. Coverage is early and deliberately incomplete: a missing link means we have not read the post that would prove it, never that the relationship does not exist. Counts are distinct forwarded posts observed, so they only ever go up as we read more.
Mentions
Named by 30 registered channels โ every channel on the register whose own posts have named this one, by its current username or any other username it currently holds, merged from two separately captured readings of the same fact so a namer caught by only one of them is not missed and a namer both caught is not counted twice. A username this channel has since dropped is not matched โ that handle may belong to someone else now, and crediting todayโs namer to yesterdayโs owner would misattribute it. The 24 listed below are the most frequent namers; the rest are counted above but not each listed.
Named by
Channels on the register whose posts name this channel's handle.
@dfgbkh ยท 27,30610 postsููู ู ุน ุงููู ููููู ุงููู ู ุนููู
@ysfgl ยท 39,30410 postsุงูุจูุช ุงูุณุนูุฏ ููู ุชุฒูุฌูู
@Albit_said99 ยท 13,2189 posts๐ุจุฐุฑุฉ ๐พุฎูุฑ๐ฟ
@FTAW_feaid ยท 12,3559 postsุฅูููููโ๏ธููู ุงูุฑููู ุงูุฃุนูู ๐ฌ ุญุงูุงุช ูุฑุขููุฉ
@halatquranialiwhatssap ยท 17,1769 postsุนูู ุงููุฑุงุฆุถ ๐ุงูู ูุงุฑูุซ
@rah_bia ยท 9,0558 postsุตุญูุญ ุงูุจุฎุงุฑู ูุตุญูุญ ู ุณูู
@Alb_khari ยท 5,3156 posts๐ ุญูุงุธ ุงููุฑุขู ุงููุฑูู ๐ุจุงูุญุตูู ุงูุฎู ุณุฉ
@zad_quran ยท 7,0536 posts๐ทุงููุฑุฏูุณ ุงูุฃุนูู ๐ท
@ferdaws555 ยท 5,2455 postsุชูุณูุฑ ุฌุฒุก ุนู ูุชุจุงุฑู (ุงูุณุนุฏู): ุงูุชูุณูุฑ ุงูู ูุฑูุก ูุงูู ุณู ูุน
@juzeama ยท 6,7585 posts( ุงููุฑุขู ุงููุฑูู )ุชูุณูุฑ ุงูุณุนุฏู ุงูู ุณู ูุน ูุงูู ูุฑูุก ู ู ุงููุงุชุญุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุงุณ
@tfsir_saidi_lquoran_kamln ยท 6,6905 posts๐ด ููููุซูุจููุชู ุจููู ููุคูุงุฏููู ๐ด
@saddamdd ยท 3,9342 posts"ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงููุจููุฉ" ๐ ุงูุฑุญูู ุงูู ุฎุชูู
@siranabaouiarahiqmakhtoum ยท 3,9332 postsุนุจุงุฏุฉ ุงูุชููุฑ ูุงูุชุฃู ู.... ูู ุฎูู ุงููู ุนุจุงุฏุฉ ๐ฆูุฐุง ุฎูู ุงููู
@Hadakhlkouallah ยท 2,4491 postุฐูุฑู ููู ุคู ููู
@je1436 ยท 1991 postโ๐ ุฅู ููู ุชููู ู ูุงุฒุง โ๐
@motakin ยท 2271 postยซููุฑูุขูููููููู ุณููุนููููโค๏ธููููุงุฏูุชูููููููยป
@Quran_7a9ha ยท 2181 postูู ุฑุญุงุจ ุงููุฑุขู ูุงูุณูุฉ๐ฒ
@RehabQuranandSunnah ยท 1,5831 postูุชุงูู ุงูุนูู ุงุก
@rehjq ยท 4261 post๐จ ุณูุฉ ูุจููุฉ ู ูุฌูุฑุฉ ูููุญูููุง
@sunannabawia ยท 2,7191 postุงูุชุญุฐูุฑ ู ู ุงูุจุฏุน ูุงูุงุฎุงุฏูุซ ุงูุถุนููู
@tlwdh ยท 4611 postุจุงููุฑุงู ูุณู ู ูุจุงูุณูุฉ ูุฑุชูู
@XvHkJcy5F0ljZTVk ยท 5051 postู ุนุง ุงูู ุงูุฌูุฉ
@zakimil ยท 5041 postReal English
@zeze_english ยท 1,4181 post
Names
Channels on the register whose handles appear in this channel's posts.
@AleayidunElaAllah ยท 22,58516 postsููููุงุฆูู ุงููููุฑูุณูุงู ุงูุฏููุนููููููุฉ
@Al_foursan ยท 2,39512 posts๐ฅ ๏ฎผููุงุฆุฏ ๏ฎผู ๏ฎผูุฑุงุฆุฏ ๐ฅ
@fwayiid ยท 215,71411 postsุชูุณูุฑ ุงูุณุนุฏู (ุณูุฑุฉ ุงูููู) ุงูู ุณู ูุน ูุงูู ูุฑูุก
@tfsir_sourat_alkahf ยท 1,07011 postsุงูุทุจ ุงููุจูู ูุทุจ ุงูุงุนุดุงุจ ูููุงุฆุฏ ู ููุฏู ูุตุญุชู
@zxrkb ยท 93610 postsููุฏูููุงุช ูุตูุฑ ุงุณ๏ปปู ูุฉ
@islamicvideo ยท 1,2349 postsู ู ุงููุงู ุงูุนูู ุงุก
@zakamil ยท 6159 postsุตุญูุญ ุงูุจุฎุงุฑู ูุตุญูุญ ู ุณูู
@Alb_khari ยท 5,3158 postsุงูุจูุช ุงูุณุนูุฏ ููู ุชุฒูุฌูู
@Albit_said99 ยท 13,2188 posts๐ฎุดุฑุญ ูุฃุณุฑุงุฑ ูููู ุฃุณู ุงุก ุงููู ุงูุญุณูู
@assmaeallahtafsir ยท 6568 posts๐ุจุฐุฑุฉ ๐พุฎูุฑ๐ฟ
@FTAW_feaid ยท 12,3558 postsูุชุงูู ุงูุนูู ุงุก ๐ฎ
@mina9oual3lama ยท 5578 posts| ูุฒูุฉู ุงูุฑูุญ |๐ ๐ต๐ธ
@quran3hadith ยท 1,4008 postsุฑุณุขุฆูู ูููููุจฺูฏ ๐ค ุขููุญุฒููููู ๐ด
@SADDAMASS ยท 2,1788 posts๐ด ููููุซูุจููุชู ุจููู ููุคูุงุฏููู ๐ด
@saddamdd ยท 3,9348 postsูุงุฆุฏุฉ
@seqda ยท 4548 posts"ุงูุณูุฑุฉ ุงููุจููุฉ" ๐ ุงูุฑุญูู ุงูู ุฎุชูู
@siranabaouiarahiqmakhtoum ยท 3,9338 posts๐จ ุณูุฉ ูุจููุฉ ู ูุฌูุฑุฉ ูููุญูููุง
@sunannabawia ยท 2,7198 postsุฅูู ุฑุถููฐ ุงูุฑุญู ูฐู ูุณุนููฐ๐๐ฟ.
@tafser_qrangarim ยท 1,1248 posts( ุงููุฑุขู ุงููุฑูู )ุชูุณูุฑ ุงูุณุนุฏู ุงูู ุณู ูุน ูุงูู ูุฑูุก ู ู ุงููุงุชุญุฉ ุฅูู ุงููุงุณ
@tfsir_saidi_lquoran_kamln ยท 6,6908 postsุงูุชุญุฐูุฑ ู ู ุงูุจุฏุน ูุงูุงุฎุงุฏูุซ ุงูุถุนููู
@tlwdh ยท 4618 postsุจุงููุฑุงู ูุณู ู ูุจุงูุณูุฉ ูุฑุชูู
@XvHkJcy5F0ljZTVk ยท 5058 postsููู ู ุน ุงููู ููููู ุงููู ู ุนููู
@ysfgl ยท 39,3048 postsู ุนุง ุงูู ุงูุฌูุฉ
@zakimil ยท 5048 posts
A mention is a weaker signal than a forward and is counted separately for that reason โ naming a channel is not republishing it, and a handle in a post body is easy to place deliberately. The post counts beside each row below are distinct posts in which the handle appeared, from posts we have read on both sides โ the โNamed by N registered channelsโ figure above is a different count, of distinct NAMING CHANNELS rather than posts, and is not the sum of the rows under it.
Cite this entry
A live page changes as we take new readings, so a citation should name the measurement it is based on, not just the URL. The line below cites the subscriber count as measured 13 August 2026 โ this entry's latest reading, not the date you are reading this.
โ๐บ๐บููุงุฉ ููุญูุธ ุงููุฑุงู ุงููุฑูู ๐บ๐บโ (@tt_tt_mm), 7,070 subscribers as measured 13 August 2026. Telegram Register, tgregister.com/channel/tt_tt_mm.
Full measurement history, CC BY 4.0. Every reading this register holds for this entry, not just the latest one, as a dated, downloadable record: CSV ยท JSON. Free to use with attribution to tgregister.com. Each file carries its own generation timestamp, which is the figure to cite for exactly when the data was retrieved.