Telegram RegisterThe public register of Telegram
Telegram profile photo for 东南亚新闻【吃瓜头条】🍉

Channel

东南亚新闻【吃瓜头条】🍉

@ca0000

On this record: Topic · Observations · Channels linked by matching posts · Growth · Engagement · What this channel posts · Reactions · Posts · Citations · Handles named that no longer answer · Cite this entry

84,511subscribers

-26,225 since we began measuring on 7 August 2026

Risers and fallers across the register · movement among entries of 31,623–100,000.

Register entry

Telegram ID-1001542411783
TypeChannel
Username@ca0000
Description#缅甸 #柬埔寨 #菲律宾 #迪拜 #东南亚 #老挝 #阿富汗 #阿联酋 #马来西亚 东南亚大事件悬赏-曝光(吃瓜) 专注于揭露事实,曝光真相! ☎️ 投稿爆料: @jjj91 📮 商务合作: @jjj91 悬赏吃瓜: @XPPPP 海外曝光: @Vhhhh 🚀联盟导航: @LYYYY 本频道只负责相关发布信息,真假自行甄别
CreatedBetween 1 August 2021 and 28 February 2023 — estimated from Telegram’s id allocation, not measured. How this range is calculated.
First recorded7 August 2026
Last confirmed live10 November 2026
Measurements held65
Confirmed unchanged1 time, most recently 10 November 2026
On Telegramt.me/ca0000

Topic

Gambling & betting — a classification, not a measurement. An on-box language model (Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-UD-Q6_K_XL, prompt version 1) read this channel’s own recent posts on 9 August 2026 and assigned it the closest of 31 fixed categories, at 74% confidence. This is a model’s judgement about what the channel is likely to be about, not a fact this register measured the way a subscriber count or a view count is measured — it can be revised on a later pass, and it carries no weight anywhere else on this page. How this classification works, and the other topics.

Observations

These are measurements, not verdicts. Each one below states something we counted, alongside the evidence it was counted from, so you can check it rather than take it. None of them is graded: every observation this register holds is recorded at severity 0, because the precision of the detectors behind them has not been measured yet, and a rating we cannot support is worse than none. Read each as a fact about the data, not as a judgement about the channel. How we measure.

Content that also appears on other registered channels

Posts published here appear in near-verbatim form on 4 other registered channels. This entry also forms a group of 2 channels linked by matching posts. The matching is on the text itself, not on Telegram’s forward marker, so it finds a copy whether or not it was labelled as one.

Matching posts — open both and compare (6 of the pairs behind the counts below)
Posted firstThenOverlapGap
@ca0000/22530 · this entry23 Aug 2026, 11:15 UTC@yc0000/2289323 Aug 2026, 15:11 UTC1.003.9 hours
@ca0000/23021 · this entry28 Aug 2026, 14:47 UTC@yc0000/2336028 Aug 2026, 14:47 UTC1.00under a minute
@yc0000/2536019 Sept 2026, 02:33 UTC@ca0000/25046 · this entry19 Sept 2026, 08:47 UTC1.006.2 hours
@ca0000/25486 · this entry23 Sept 2026, 15:21 UTC@yc0000/2581823 Sept 2026, 15:42 UTC1.0021 minutes
@ca0000/25501 · this entry23 Sept 2026, 18:53 UTC@yc0000/2583323 Sept 2026, 19:27 UTC1.0034 minutes
@yc0000/2887730 Oct 2026, 14:27 UTC@ca0000/28577 · this entry30 Oct 2026, 15:52 UTC1.0085 minutes
Channels this entry shares post bodies with, where at least one matching post pair has no forward credit between the two channels, or to a common source, recorded in our data
ChannelMatching postsText overlapTypical gapPublished first
@yc0000783 (7/8 hand-verifiable sample passed)1.002.4 hours@yc0000 (408–375)
@vip2uuu76 (8/8 hand-verifiable sample passed)0.973.5 hours@vip2uuu (39–37)
@md788832 (8/8 hand-verifiable sample passed)0.952.9 hoursthis entry (18–14)
@vhhhh10 (8/8 hand-verifiable sample passed)1.007.7 hours@vhhhh (10–0)

Text overlap is the Jaccard coefficient over the set of distinct three-word phrases in the two bodies: 1.00 is identical wording, and the threshold for counting a pair at all is 0.70. Candidates are generated by simhash LSH (4 x 16-bit bands, exact Hamming <= 3) verified against the bodies with Jaccard over the SET of distinct 3-word shingles. Published first counts which side of each matching pair carries the earlier timestamp — in this corpus, which is the limitation directly below.

What this cannot establish

MEASURED, DOMINANT ERROR SOURCE: a post ingested before 2026-08-06 may have carried a forward header that was not recorded. A 45-pair hand-check against live t.me pages found 14 (31%) where the live page shows a forward header naming the other channel and the database has none, plus 4 more (9%) naming a third party. The text match itself was wrong 0 times out of 45. Read attribution_capture.items_in_trusted_window before treating the unattributed count as a claim.

Telegram lets a channel forward a post with a header naming the source, and we only began reliably recording that header on 2026-08-06. 471 of the 471 matches recorded here fall after that date and carried no header when we read them. The rest predate reliable capture and are not evidence either way.

“Published first” means first in this corpus. We hold 1,922 comparable posts for this entry, running 6 August 2026 to 10 November 2026. A channel we have read one page deep will look younger than a neighbour we have read in full, and the order would flip with no change in the underlying facts.

The detector’s own notes on this observation, as it recorded them. Names in this_style are fields of the underlying evidence record, which the plain-English paragraphs above read out for this entry.

  • Verbatim republication has three causes and the text separates only two: a clone/mirror, unattributed copy-paste, or BOTH channels copying a common third source that neither attributes. The spread filter (content held by at most 8 channels) reduces the third and does not remove it.
  • 'Earliest' means earliest IN THIS CORPUS. A channel ingested one page deep will look younger than a neighbour ingested in full; corpus_coverage above is there to be checked before the direction is believed.
  • shared_verified_est extrapolates the sampled pass rate over the full narrow match count; sampled/passed are the numbers actually measured.
  • Absence of a forward header is not proof of intent: Telegram lets a channel disable forward attribution, and a credit written in the body is not parsed as attribution here (mention_edge_either_way above is the closest available signal).

Of the group of 2 channels, the one whose matching posts we hold earliest is @ca0000 — which is this entry. That is a statement about our reading window, not a claim of authorship.

Recorded under the keys clone_copy · clone_mutual, last confirmed 11 November 2026. An observation that a later pass no longer finds is cleared, and a cleared observation is removed from this page rather than being shown struck through — we do not keep publishing a claim we have withdrawn. Dispute an observation.

Channels linked by matching posts

This channel is in a group of 2 registered channels linked by matching posts. Links are found by comparing text fingerprints across every channel on the register.

Which channel, if either, published first is deliberately not shown in this list. “First” could only mean first in our own crawl, which depends on how deep we happened to reach into each channel’s history, not on when the content was actually first posted. Our one hand-check read 45 of the highest-confidence flagged pairs against the live Telegram pages. In 18 of them the live page showed a “Forwarded from” credit that our database had no record of, so reading that pair as an unattributed copy was wrong; the check did not measure who published first. This list is ordered by subscriber count, the same as every other listing on this site, never by which channel we think came first. Near-verbatim matching has several ordinary explanations besides copying — a channel mirroring itself, an unattributed repost, or two channels independently repeating the same wire story — and this measurement cannot tell those apart. How this is measured.

Growth

84,511110,80997,6607 August 202610 November 2026
65 measurements spanning 95 days, net -26,225. Dots are measurements; the straight line between them is drawn to join them, not to claim we know the path taken in between — snapshots are recorded only when a count changes, so gaps mean “no change observed”, never “interpolated”. The vertical axis spans 80,566–114,754 and does not start at zero.
Measurement log — every subscribers count we have recorded, most recent 20 of 65
Measured (UTC)SubscribersChange
10 Nov 2026, 11:0684,511-587
8 Nov 2026, 21:0685,098-441
7 Nov 2026, 12:1085,539-151
6 Nov 2026, 13:2585,690-237
5 Nov 2026, 12:1585,927-190
4 Nov 2026, 12:5986,117-628
3 Nov 2026, 12:4486,745-1,167
2 Nov 2026, 15:1187,912-134
1 Nov 2026, 16:3688,046-49
31 Oct 2026, 13:3588,095-194
30 Oct 2026, 13:0688,289-1,618
29 Oct 2026, 14:0989,907-180
28 Oct 2026, 10:1490,087-102
27 Oct 2026, 10:3590,189-71
26 Oct 2026, 12:1790,260-86
25 Oct 2026, 14:3690,346+34
24 Oct 2026, 16:3690,312-171
23 Oct 2026, 19:4890,483-153
22 Oct 2026, 20:1890,636-160
21 Oct 2026, 15:5790,796first reading

Engagement

2,428 posts held, back to 6 August 2026 — the reader has not yet reached the start of this channel’s public history, so older posts may sit further back, unread. Read across 196 pages of Telegram’s post history, 20 posts per page.

ERR · 30 days
4.08%
avg views ÷ 84,511 subscribers
Avg views / post
3,450
729 posts measured
Reaction rate
0.647%
reactions ÷ views · ER floor
Posts in window
729
of 2,428 held

ERR is average views per post over the last 30 days divided by subscribers, the definition TGStat uses, so this figure is comparable with the one you will see elsewhere. It falls structurally as a channel grows: a high ERR on a small channel and a low one on a large channel describe reach mathematics, not quality. We publish the figure and the sample it came from and pass no verdict on it.

ER is defined industry-wide as (forwards + reactions + comments) ÷ views — note the denominator is views, not subscribers. Telegram’s public web preview carries views and reactions but not forward or comment counts, so the reaction rate above is the reactions term only and is therefore a floor: the true ER for this channel is higher by an amount we have not measured and will not estimate. It is computed over the 605 of 729 measured posts that carry a reaction reading, and over those same posts' views.

What these figures were computed from
WindowRolling 30 days · latest post in window 11 November 2026
Posts held2,428 (6 August 2026 – 11 November 2026)
Views total2,512,911
Reactions total15,629
Forwards / commentsnot exposed by the public surface — not measured, not estimated
Readings taken11 Nov 2026, 06:45 UTC

Views are a single reading per post, taken at the time above. A post published in the last day or two is still accumulating views, which pulls the 30-day average down slightly. That is a property of the standard definition rather than a fault in it, so we keep the definition rather than “correcting” the number into something nobody can reproduce.

Precision. Telegram publishes view counts on its public widget in short form — 8.12K, 3.7M — so any reading at or above 1,000 reaches us rounded to three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. Averages and rates derived from them are shown to the same precision rather than to the unit: a figure like 3,701,250 would assert digits nobody measured.

Reaction counts are published per emoji and rounded the same way, so a total below 1,000 is exact and a larger one is a sum that may carry a rounded component from each emoji above 1,000. Because it is a sum, it does not look rounded — read a large reaction total as three significant figures per contributing emoji rather than as the figure it prints.

What this channel posts

Photos
≈20,400
Videos
≈3,610
Links
≈5,910

Lifetime counters from Telegram’s own channel header, read 11 November 2026 — not the date at the top of this page, which is when the subscriber count was last read. A count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints these counters in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈142,000 means somewhere between 141,500 and 142,499.

Video runtime
4h 01m
Average length
54s

Measured directly from 270 videos with a duration reading, out of the posts we hold for this channel — not this channel’s whole posting history, only the sample this register has actually read. An exact reading to the second, taken from the post itself rather than from Telegram’s own rounded chrome, so it carries no ≈ mark.

Reaction mix

30,450 reactions across 868 posts, in 17 distinct kinds. The most used accounts for 11.4% of them.

Every reaction kind recorded on the sample, most used first
ReactionCountShareShare, drawn
❤‍🔥3,48011.4%
💯3,44211.3%
❤3,40311.2%
🎉3,40111.2%
🔥3,36011.0%
👍3,32810.9%
😍3,32410.9%
🤩3,30410.9%
🥰3,29310.8%
🤯300.099%
😱270.089%
🤔200.066%
👏150.049%
😁130.043%
🙏50.016%
😢40.013%
⚡10.003%

No sentiment is inferred, and none should be read in. This table is ordered by count and by nothing else. Emoji do not carry stable meaning across languages or communities — 🙏 is thanks in one channel and mourning in another — so we publish which ones were pressed and how often, and pass no judgement on what an audience meant by them.

Precision. Telegram publishes reaction counts per emoji and short-forms each one — 4.34K, 1.2M — so any single kind at or above 1,000 reaches us at three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. The shares above are ratios of those figures and carry the same error. This is also why the total here can differ slightly from a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page: both are sums of the same rounded parts, taken over samples with different edges.

Coverage. Reactions were read on 868 of the 1,000 sampled posts in this sample. Summed by Telegram’s own count on each post — not by adding up the per-emoji breakdown above — those same posts carry 30,450 reactions in total: the kind of figure the paragraph above means by “a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page”.

Measured over the 1,000 most recent posts we hold (the sample is capped at 1,000), published 2 October 2026 to 11 November 2026, using the newest reading held for each. Telegram Stars are excluded: they are a payment, not a reaction, and they have their own section.

Recent posts

Telegram’s own ‘edited’ marker: 0 of 729 posts held from the last 30 days (0%) carried it when this register last read them. The marker says a post was changed after publishing, not what it said before — this register holds the earlier wording only where an edit fell between two of its own reads (see the edit ledger and how it is measured).

11 Nov 2026, 06:19 UTC≈1,400 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#马达加斯加与美国签署司法合作协议 #联手打击跨国网络诈骗 #13处诈骗中心已被捣毁 据11月9日马达加斯加媒体报道,马达加斯加司法部长Fanirisoa Ernaivo于11月5日在华盛顿会见美国哥伦比亚特区联邦检察官Jeanine Ferris Pirro。双方重点讨论了跨国网络诈骗案件的调查与司法协作。 美国方面表示,在马达加斯加当局与美国联邦调查局(FBI)的合作下,当地已有 13处网络诈骗中心被捣毁。此前的联合执法行动还查获超过3200件电子设备。 Jeanine Ferris Pirro肯定马达加斯加在打击网络诈骗方面采取的刑事追责措施,并鼓励该国继续加强执法力度,为非洲其他国家提供合作经验。 此次签署的合作备忘录涉及司法经验交流、信息共享及跨国犯罪打击等领域。双方还讨论了涉案人员移交美国接受司法处理的问题。 马达加斯加与美国表示,将继续深化司法合作,共同追查跨国犯罪网络及其资金流向,进一步打击网络诈骗犯罪…

💯3😍3🥰2❤‍🔥1👍1🤩1

11 Nov 2026, 05:50 UTC930 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#亚美尼亚警方发布紧急预警 #诈骗分子冒充内政部发送iMessage钓鱼信息 11月10日报道,亚美尼亚内务部网络警察部门近日发布警告,提醒民众警惕冒充内务部及交通警察发送的虚假通知。诈骗分子通过苹果iMessage系统,利用外国电话号码向民众发送诈骗信息,并附上仿冒政府官方网站的钓鱼链接。 警方指出,诈骗分子企图诱骗民众点击链接,填写个人身份资料及银行账户信息,以此获取敏感信息并盗取账户资金。 对此,警方提醒民众,切勿随意点击陌生信息中的可疑链接,也不要向不明来源的网站提供个人资料或银行信息。如收到类似政府部门名义发送的通知,应通过官方渠道核实真伪,并及时向有关部门举报。 警方呼吁公众提高网络安全意识,谨防冒充政府机构的网络钓鱼诈骗,避免蒙受财产损失。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

👍3❤‍🔥2🔥2🤩2🎉1🤯1

11 Nov 2026, 05:20 UTC≈6,300 views10 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#币安重要通知与特定加密货币平台进行交易的相关事项 这是一般性公告,此处提及的产品和服务可能不适用于您所在的地区。 鉴于美国金融犯罪执法局(FinCEN)近期将MEXC列为“重大洗钱关注对象”(Primary Money Laundering Concern),币安将无法继续处理涉及上述认定所涵盖的加密资产服务提供商及平台的交易,具体包括以下实体: MEXC Global Limited MEXC Estonia OÜ GIDA Technology AG MXC Global Ltd MEXC Global Foundation Ltd MEXC Singapore Pte Ltd MEXC (Comoros) Ltd MEXC MEXC Global MEX Global Ltd MX Global LTD MEX Exchange(曾用名) MEXC 其他关联方或关联实体 因此,请勿通过币安直接或间接向上述实体转账…

🤩3🥰3❤‍🔥1👍1💯1🔥1

11 Nov 2026, 04:50 UTC≈3,440 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Video

#网友投稿 金边棉芷区联合指挥部正在组织检查工作,由棉芷区区长森坤先生领导。请大家务必小心,尤其是没有护照的人。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

❤‍🔥3👍2🤩2😍2🎉1😱1

11 Nov 2026, 04:18 UTC≈6,160 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Video

#执法视频 11月9日,泰国警方突袭春武里府一处豪宅,抓获10名外国人,包括8名中国人和2名缅甸人,查获手机32部、SIM卡178张及电脑2台。 该团伙涉嫌以恋爱交友为诱饵,诱骗受害者投资虚假股票平台,初步涉及约100名中国受害者,损失超过3亿泰铢。其中4名中国籍嫌疑人被中国警方通缉。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

❤‍🔥3💯3❤1🎉1🔥1🤩1🥰1

11 Nov 2026, 04:00 UTC≈6,030 views10 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

😀😀😀😀 😀😀😀😀😀 😀 来了U18 今天你要发 😃 官方网址 👉 U18.com 😃 官方小程序 👉 @UU18 主营: 😀 电子 彩票 视讯 捕鱼 棋牌 体育 信用担保: 🫥ok游戏中心 👉 上押150万U 😘 新币担保 👉 上押100万U 😀 USDT OKPAY FLLQB上下分 😀 加入U18、迎接你的暴富神话! 😃 官方唯一客服 👉 @U18C 😃 官方唯一频道 👉 @U18A

❤‍🔥3🥰3❤1🎉1💯1😍1

11 Nov 2026, 03:48 UTC20 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

柬埔寨国王授予“水上诊所”创始人柬埔寨国籍 近日,柬埔寨国王诺罗敦·西哈莫尼颁布王令,正式授予“柬埔寨水上诊所”(TLC)创始人兼执行董事乔恩·F·摩根(Jon F. Morgan)柬埔寨国籍,其高棉语姓名定为“霍尔根·卡鲁纳”。 多年来,摩根长期扎根洞里萨湖水上社区,致力于为当地贫困及就医困难的民众提供医疗保健与生命救助服务。此次授予国籍,旨在表彰他多年来在人道主义事业及提升柬埔寨民众福祉方面所作出的杰出贡献。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

❤5🔥2❤‍🔥1👍1💯1🤩1

11 Nov 2026, 03:15 UTC≈6,020 views11 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#网友投稿 花了36分29秒看完大麦老师关于爱情的话题,没有开倍速,也不是为了无聊才去看,心里满是对爱情的好奇。 以前我单纯以为,只要彼此喜欢、足够相爱,就能一直走很久。可经历过后才读懂,我之前的感情总是高开低走,敏感内耗、疲惫又不知所措。一旦动心,就容易弄丢自己,下意识把对方当成生活的全部,把所有情绪、期待、安全感都寄托在别人身上。习惯默默付出,等着对方察觉回应,那些没说出口的期待,最后全都变成日复一日的自我消耗。 我们年纪还太小,没办法预判十年、二十年以后的生活,不知道身边的人会不会还在。大麦老师那句话我记了很深:“你可以有发泄的地方。” 慢慢想通,每个人都是独立的个体,再亲密也要留出喘息的空间;没有人天生会读心术,很多遗憾都是缺少坦诚的沟通。爱情没有标准答案,套路撑不起长久的关系,真心和双向奔赴才最重要。一段感情的意义,也不是只有走到最后才算值得,彼此陪伴、互相治愈、学会怎么去爱,本身就是收获。 我依旧抱着想和一…

🔥3🎉2❤1💯1🤩1🥰1😁1😍1

11 Nov 2026, 02:23 UTC≈6,160 views13 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#泰国男子偷39件女性内衣被捕 泰国春武里府一名33岁摩托车修理店老板因偷窃女性内衣被警方逮捕,缴获内衣39件。 失主将监控录像发布上网后锁定嫌犯。警方到店抓捕时,该男子试图藏匿赃物未果。 他供称长期失眠,看到女性内衣便产生玩弄欲望,夜间把玩后才入睡。尿检还显示其可能吸毒。 警方已以偷窃和吸毒两项罪名立案处理。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

💯3🤩3🎉2🥰2😍2🤔1

11 Nov 2026, 01:32 UTC≈6,310 views14 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

#马来西亚资讯:多州发布雷暴警报,吉隆坡、雪兰莪及柔佛等地受影响 马来西亚气象局于11月10日发布雷暴天气警报,提醒多个州属及吉隆坡部分地区可能出现雷暴、强降雨及强风,相关警报有效至当天傍晚5时。 受影响地区包括玻璃市、吉打、彭亨、雪兰莪、吉隆坡、森美兰、柔佛、砂拉越及沙巴部分地区。 气象局指出,部分地区可能出现短时间强降雨及强风,民众应提高警惕,特别是在户外活动及驾车出行时,注意天气变化,避免前往容易发生积水或树木倒塌的区域。 当局呼吁公众密切关注气象局发布的最新天气预报及警报,并采取必要的安全防范措施。 👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌👌 🔈加入群聊 💥出海导航 💎投稿招商 💵有偿投稿机器人

❤3👍2🤯2😍2🎉1💯1🔥1🤩1

11 Nov 2026, 01:10 UTC≈6,040 views10 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

➡神盾出海联盟 广告招商: @LYYYY ➡东南亚大事件-曝光圈 ➡神盾联盟出海交流群

❤2💯2🥰2❤‍🔥1🎉1🔥1🤩1

11 Nov 2026, 00:05 UTC≈6,240 views10 reactionsread 11 November 2026
Photo

Photo, posted without a caption

❤2❤‍🔥2💯2👍1🔥1🥰1😍1

Showing the 12 most recent of 2,428 posts we hold for @ca0000. View and reaction counts are the latest single reading for each post, not a live figure, and a recent post is still accumulating both. A view count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints views in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈1,200,000 means somewhere between 1,150,000 and 1,249,999. Unmarked counts are exact. Text is reproduced from the public post preview and truncated for length.

Mentions

A mention is a weaker signal than a forward and is counted separately for that reason — naming a channel is not republishing it, and a handle in a post body is easy to place deliberately. The post counts beside each row below are distinct posts in which the handle appeared, from posts we have read on both sides — the “Named by N registered channels” figure above is a different count, of distinct NAMING CHANNELS rather than posts, and is not the sum of the rows under it.

Cite this entry

A live page changes as we take new readings, so a citation should name the measurement it is based on, not just the URL. The line below cites the subscriber count as measured 10 November 2026 — this entry's latest reading, not the date you are reading this.

“东南亚新闻【吃瓜头条】🍉” (@ca0000), 84,511 subscribers as measured 10 November 2026. Telegram Register, tgregister.com/channel/ca0000.

Full measurement history, CC BY 4.0. Every reading this register holds for this entry, not just the latest one, as a dated, downloadable record: CSV · JSON. Free to use with attribution to tgregister.com. Each file carries its own generation timestamp, which is the figure to cite for exactly when the data was retrieved.