28 Jul 2026, 13:40 UTC191 views0 reactionsread 25 September 2026 Kinetics
Absorption The drug is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and has a bioavailability by this route of 32–97%. This wide variability is due primarily to first-pass conjugation to sulfate.
Distribution Metoclopramide is 13–22% protein-bound in the plasma; the VD is 2.2–3.4 l/kg.
Metabolism Occurs primarily in the liver; the major metabolite is a sulfate derivative. Two other metabolites have been iden…
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28 Jul 2026, 13:35 UTC142 viewsread 25 September 2026 Effects
CVS There have been occasional reports of hypotension during general anaesthesia and cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias, and hypertension in patients with phaeochromocytoma following the administration of metoclopramide.
CNS Metoclopramide raises the threshold for vomiting at the chemoreceptor trigger zone and prevents apomorphine-induced vomiting in humans. The drug has neuroleptic effects (including an antipsych…
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28 Jul 2026, 13:25 UTC107 viewsread 25 September 2026 Metoclopramide
Uses Metoclopramide is used in the treatment of :
1. digestive disorders, e.g. hiatus hernia, reflux oesophagitis, and gastritis.
2. nausea and vomiting due to a variety of causes, e.g. drugs (general anaesthetic agents, opioids, and cytotoxic gents), radiotherapy, and hepatic and biliary disorders.
3. diagnostic radiology of the gastrointestinal tract.
4. migraine, and
5. post-operative gastric hypot…
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6 Jul 2026, 13:54 UTC204 viewsread 25 September 2026 Toxicity/side effects Minor side effects include warmth, flushing, nausea, headache, and dizziness. Dose-related side effects include somnolence, areflexia, AV and intraventricular conduction disorders, progressive muscular weakness, and cardiac arrest. The toxic effects can be reversed by the administration of calcium. Intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate is painful.
Kinetics
Absorption 25–65% of ingested m…
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6 Jul 2026, 13:48 UTC134 viewsread 25 September 2026 Effects
CVS Magnesium acts peripherally to cause vasodilation and may cause hypotension when used in high doses. The drug slows the rate of sinoatrial node impulse formation and prolongs sinoatrial conduction time, the PR interval, and AV nodal effective refractory period. Magnesium attenuates both the vasoconstrictor and arrhythmogenic actions of adrenaline.
RS Magnesium is an effective bronchodilator and attenuate…
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6 Jul 2026, 13:44 UTC108 viewsread 25 September 2026 Main actions Magnesium is an essential cofactor in over 300 enzyme systems. It is also essential for the production of ATP, DNA, RNA, and protein function.
Mode of action The precise mechanism of the anticonvulsant activity of magnesium remains unknown; it produces a dose-dependent pre-synaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. The agent also acts as physiological NMDA receptor antago…
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6 Jul 2026, 13:39 UTC99 views1 reactionsread 25 September 2026 Magnesium
Uses Magnesium has been used in the management of :
1. pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
2. hypomagnesaemia associated with malabsorption syndromes (especially
chronic alcoholism), diuretics, and critical illness
3. premature labour (as a tocolytic)
4. acute myocardial infarction
5. torsades de pointes and other ventricular dysrhythmias
6. barium poisoning
7. asthma
8. cerebral oedema
9. spasms occurring with t…
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5 Jul 2026, 14:03 UTC113 viewsread 25 September 2026 Kinetics
Absorption Ephedrine is rapidly and completely absorbed when administered orally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously.
Distribution Ephedrine is rapidly and extensively distributed throughout the body, with accumulation in the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and brain.
The VD ranges from 122 to 320 l. Ephedrine crosses the placental barrier and is excreted into breast milk.
Metabolism The drug is resistant to …
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5 Jul 2026, 13:59 UTC99 viewsread 25 September 2026 CNS Ephedrine has a stimulatory effect similar to amphetamine; the cerebral blood flow increases after the administration of the drug. Mydriasis occurs, but light reflexes remain unaffected. The drug has local anaesthetic properties.
AS The drug relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle and causes splanchnic vasoconstriction.
GU Ephedrine constricts renal blood vessels and may lead to a decrease in both renal blood flo…
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5 Jul 2026, 13:55 UTC80 viewsread 25 September 2026 Ephedrine
Uses Ephedrine is used in the treatment of :
1. hypotension occurring in general, spinal, or epidural anaesthesia
2. nocturnal enuresis
3. narcolepsy
4. diabetic autonomic neuropathy
5. hiccups, and
6. as a nasal decongestant.
Main action Sympathomimetic.
Mode of action Ephedrine acts both indirectly (by causing release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals) and directly by stimulation of alph…
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2 Jul 2026, 18:28 UTC122 viewsread 25 September 2026 تابع ال elective anesthesia
General Precaution during hypotensive anesthesia:
1- Experience.
2- A true indication should be present and the contraindications should be respected.
3- Arterial blood pressure is gradually decreased, avoiding sudden swings in pressure, as the compenatory mechanisms in the heart and brain take time to develop.
4- The extent and duration of hypotension should be restricted as mu…
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2 Jul 2026, 16:13 UTC97 viewsread 25 September 2026 Special points : It has been recommended that perioperative steroid cover be given:
1. to patients who have received high-dose steroid replacement therapy for
2 weeks in the preceding year prior to surgery
2. to patients undergoing pituitary or adrenal surgery.
Glucocorticoids antagonize the effects of anticholinesterase drugs.
Injection of corticosteroids into the epidural space of the spine may result in rare, but…
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Showing the 12 most recent of 20 posts we hold for @aboali17035. View and reaction counts are the latest single reading for each post, not a live figure, and a recent post is still accumulating both. A view count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints views in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈1,200,000 means somewhere between 1,150,000 and 1,249,999. Unmarked counts are exact. Text is reproduced from the public post preview and truncated for length.