Dr Neurology

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AMANTADIN is a medication primarily used in two medical areas: Parkinson's Disease Treatment: It is utilized to treat idiopathic Parkinson's disease to improve mobility and alleviate symptoms such as muscle stiffness (rigor) and reduced movement (akinesia). Viral Infections: Historically, it has also been used for the treatment and prevention of influenza A infections, although its significance in this area has dec…

SSRIs (e.g., Sertraline, Fluoxetine, Citalopram Paroxetine) 💊 · Use now: 1st line for depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD 🧠 · Mechanism: Selectively blocks serotonin reuptake ⚙️ · Key side effects: Nausea, insomnia/fatigue, sexual dysfunction 🤢 · Major risk: Serotonin syndrome (rare) ⚠️, discontinuation syndrome 📉 · Pros: Safer in overdose, better tolerated 🛡️ · Cons: Sexual side effects, delayed onset (4-6 weeks) ⏳ Hav…

The skull has 22 bones divided into two groups: Cranium (8 bones)— protects the brain: Frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid Face (14 bones) — forms facial structure: 2 nasal, 2 maxilla, mandible, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer Most are fused together at immovable joints called sutures — the only moving joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), where …

MIGRAINE 1. Migraine without aura → The pain system in the head becomes overactive → causes inflammation and sensitive blood vessels --- 2. Migraine with aura → A “wave” of brain activity spreads across the brain → temporarily disturbs vision or sensation before the headache --- 3. Chronic migraine → The brain becomes too sensitive over time → pain signals stay “switched on” --- 4. Hemiplegic migraine →…

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BENZODIAZEPİNES 1.Primary Mechanism GABA-A Receptor Potentiator: Enhances inhibitory neurotransmission by increasing chloride ion flux through GABA-A channels (α-subunit binding). 2. Anxiolytic :Reduces limbic system hyperactivity. Sedative-Hypnotic: Increases thalamic/cortical inhibition. Antikonvülsan: Raises seizure threshold in limbic/pyramidal circuits. Muscle Relaxant: Spinal cord motor neuron i…

FASTING IS BAD FOR BRAIN? After about 1 month of regular fasting, the brain adapts in several beneficial ways: Uses ketones for energy instead of only glucose → more stable brain energy Increases BDNF (a protein that supports learning and memory) Activates autophagy → neurons clean out damaged components Reduces brain inflammation Often leads to better focus and mental clarity Possible downside if nutrition is…

Neuroblastoma Definition: Malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, arising from neural crest cells. Most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Age: Mostly < 5 years (peak in infancy). Common Site: Adrenal medulla (most common) Paravertebral sympathetic chain Key Features Produces catecholamines → ↑ urinary VMA and HVA Symptoms depend on location: Abdominal mass Bone pain (metastases common) Peri…

MIGRAINE DRUGS Acute (during attack) NSAIDs / acetaminophen – mild–moderate Triptans (e.g. Sumatriptan) – moderate–severe Gepants (e.g. Ubrogepant) – no vasoconstriction Ditans (e.g. Lasmiditan) – no vasoconstriction --- Prevention Beta-blockers (propranolol) Topiramate / Valproate Amitriptyline CGRP mAbs (e.g. Erenumab) Do you use any of these drugs ?

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COCAINE effects on the nervous system : Blocks DAT/NET/SERT → ↑ dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin CNS effects: euphoria, ↑ energy/alertness, ↓ appetite, insomnia Toxic CNS: anxiety/paranoia, hallucinations, seizures, hyperthermia, stroke Addiction: strong reward via mesolimbic dopamine Also: blocks Na⁺ channels → local anesthetic (numbness)

STROKE (cerebrovascular accident, CVA) is an acute neurological deficit caused by interrupted cerebral blood supply, leading to brain tissue ischemia/infarction or intracranial hemorrhage. Main types: Ischemic stroke (~80–85%): arterial occlusion (thrombus/embolus) → hypoxia → infarction Hemorrhagic stroke (~15–20%): vessel rupture → intracerebral or subarachnoid bleeding

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