7 Aug 2026, 06:16 UTC28 views2 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Before the time of Kant, it was generally held that whatever knowledge was a priori must be 'analytic.' ... Kant, who had been educated in the rationalist tradition, was much perturbed by Hume's scepticism, and endeavoured to find an answer to it. He perceived that not only the connection of cause and effect, but all the propositions of arithmetic and geometry, are 'synthetic,' i.e. not analytic. ... Thus he was led …
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7 Aug 2026, 06:14 UTC135 views1 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Immanuel Kant is generally regarded as the greatest of the modern philosophers. ... His most distinctive contribution was the invention of what he called the 'critical' philosophy, which, assuming as a datum that there is knowledge of various kinds, inquired how such knowledge comes to be possible, and deduced, from the answer to this inquiry, many metaphysical results as to the nature of the world. Whether these res…
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1 Aug 2026, 20:57 UTC64 views2 reactionsread 8 August 2026 To teach how to live without certainty, and yet without being paralysed by hesitation, is perhaps the chief thing that philosophy, in our age, can still do for those who study it.
Bertrand Russell
A History of Western Philosophy
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16 Jul 2026, 13:09 UTC121 views3 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Philosophy, as I shall understand the word, is something intermediate between theology and science. Like theology, it consists of speculations on matters as to which definite knowledge has, so far, been unascertainable; but like science, it appeals to human reason rather than to authority, whether that of tradition or that of revelation. All definite knowledge, so I should contend, belongs to science; all dogma as to…
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5 Jun 2026, 06:54 UTC≈1,250 views1 reactionsread 8 August 2026 It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this.
Bertrand Russell
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5 Jun 2026, 06:51 UTC237 views2 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Every structure is to be thought of as a particular form of equilibrium, more or less stable within its restricted field and losing its stability on reaching the limits of the field.
Jean Piaget
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6 Feb 2026, 03:41 UTC≈2,480 views5 reactionsread 8 August 2026 A happy life must be to a great extent a quiet life, for it is only in an atmosphere of quiet that true happiness dare live.
Bertrand Russell
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5 Sept 2025, 11:14 UTC871 views7 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Most philosophers, rightly or wrongly, believe that philosophy can do much more than this — that it can give us knowledge, not otherwise attainable, concerning the universe as a whole, and concerning the nature of ultimate reality. Whether this be the case or not, the more modest function we have spoken of can certainly be performed by philosophy, and certainly suffices, for those who have once begun to doubt the ade…
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22 Aug 2025, 07:20 UTC≈2,290 views6 reactionsread 8 August 2026 It is, of course, possible that all or any of our beliefs may be mistaken, and therefore all ought to be held with at least some slight element of doubt. But we cannot have reason to reject a belief except on the
ground of some other belief. Hence, by organising our instinctive beliefs and their consequences, by considering which among them it is most possible, if necessary, to
modify or abandon, we can arrive, on th…
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22 Aug 2025, 07:11 UTC≈2,910 views1 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Philosophy should show us the hierarchy of our instinctive beliefs, beginning with those we hold most strongly and presenting each as much isolated and as free from irrelevant additions as possible. It should take care to show that, in the form in which they are finally set forth, our instinctive beliefs do not clash but form a harmonious system. There can never be any reason for rejecting one instinctive belief exce…
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17 Aug 2025, 03:40 UTC≈2,820 views3 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Of course, it is not by argument that we originally come by our belief in an independent external world. We find this belief ready in ourselves as soon as we begin to reflect: it is what may be called an instinctive belief.
We should never have been led to question this belief but for the fact that, at any rate in the case of sight, it seems as if the sense-datum itself were instinctively believed to be the independ…
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17 Aug 2025, 03:22 UTC≈2,400 views1 reactionsread 8 August 2026 Thus, every principle of simplicity
urges us to adopt the natural view, that there really are objects other than our selves and our sense-data which have an existence not dependent upon our perceiving
them.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
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